Class 12 Biology Notes

Chapters in Class 12 Biology — 13 chapters.

These notes are free to read without an account. Work through them in order, or use the chapter list to revise selectively before a test.

Chapters in Class 12 Biology

  1. Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

    5 topics

    • Flower – A Fascinating Organ Of Angiosperms
    • Pre-fertilisation: Structures And Events
    • Double Fertilization
    • Post-fertilisation : Structures And Events
    • Apomixis And Polyembryony

  2. Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

    7 topics

    • The Male Reproductive System
    • The Female Reproductive System
    • Gametogenesis
    • Menstrual Cycle
    • Fertilisation And Implantation
    • Pregnancy And Embryonic Development
    • Parturition And Lactation

  3. Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

    5 topics

    • Reproductive Health – Problems And Strategies
    • Population Stabilisation And Birth Control
    • Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (Mtp)
    • Sexually Transmitted Infections (Stis)
    • Infertility

  4. Chapter 4: Infertility principles Of Inheritance And Variation

    8 topics

    • Mendel’s Laws Of Inheritance
    • Inheritance Of One Gene
    • Inheritance Of Two Genes
    • Polygenic Inheritance
    • Pleiotropy
    • Sex Determination
    • Mutation
    • Genetic Disorders

  5. Chapter 5: Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

    10 topics

    • DNA
    • The Search For Genetic Material
    • RNA World
    • Replication
    • Transcription
    • Genetic Code
    • Translation
    • Regulation Of Gene Expression

  6. Chapter 6: Evolution

    9 topics

    • Evolution
    • Evolution Of Life Forms – A Theory
    • What Are The Evidences For Evolution?
    • What Is Adaptive Radiation?
    • Biological Evolution
    • Mechanism Of Evolution
    • Hardy-weinberg Principle
    • A Brief Account Of Evolution

  7. Chapter 7: Human Health And Disease

    5 topics

    • Common Diseases In Humans
    • Immunity
    • Aids
    • Cancer
    • Drugs And Alcohol Abuse

  8. Chapter 8: Microbes In Human Welfare

    6 topics

    • Microbes In Household Products
    • Microbes In Sewage Treatment
    • Microbes In Production Of Biogas
    • Microbes In Industrial Products
    • Microbes As Biofertilisers
    • Microbes As Biocontrol Agents

  9. Chapter 9: Biotechnology : Principles And Processes

    4 topics

    • Introduction Of Biotechnology : Principles And Processes
    • Principles of Biotechnology
    • Tools Of Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Processes Of Recombinant DNA Technology

  10. Chapter 10: Biotechnology And Its Applications

    4 topics

    • Biotechnological Applications In Agriculture
    • Biotechnological Applications In Medicine
    • Transgenic Animals
    • Ethical Issues

  11. Chapter 11: Organisms And Populations

    2 topics

    • Introduction of Organisms and Populations
    • Populations

  12. Chapter 12: Ecosystem

    6 topics

    • Introduction of Ecosystem
    • Ecosystem – Structure and Function
    • Productivity
    • Decomposition
    • Energy Flow
    • Ecological Pyramids

  13. Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation

    6 topics

    • Introduction to Biodiversity and Conservation
    • Biodiversity
    • Patterns of Biodiversity
    • The Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem
    • Loss of Biodiversity
    • Biodiversity Conservation