Class 12 Notes
Class 12 — 179 chapters, 13 subjects.
These notes are free to read without an account. Work through them in order, or use the chapter list to revise selectively before a test.
Subjects in Class 12
Class 12 Maths
14 chapters · 156 topics
Class 12 Physics
15 chapters · 113 topics
- All Important Formula
- Electric charges and fields
- Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance
- Current Electricity
- Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Magnetism and Matter
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Wave Optics
- Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Atoms
- Nuclei
- Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Class 12 Chemistry
11 chapters · 87 topics
Class 12 Biology
13 chapters · 77 topics
- Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Infertility principles Of Inheritance And Variation
- Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health And Disease
- Microbes In Human Welfare
- Biotechnology : Principles And Processes
- Biotechnology And Its Applications
- Organisms And Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
Class 12 English
19 chapters · 19 topics
Class 12 Business Studies
11 chapters · 161 topics
Class 12 Economics
11 chapters · 92 topics
- Introduction Of Microeconomics
- Theory of Consumer Behaviour
- Production and Costs
- The theory of the firm under perfect cometition
- Market Equilibrium
- Introduction Of Macroeconomics
- National Income Accounting
- Money and Banking
- Determination of Income and Employment
- Government Budget and the Economy
- Open Economy Macroeconomics
Class 12 History
12 chapters · 239 topics
- Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation
- Kings, Farmers and Towns : Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
- Kinship, Caste and Class : Early Societies (C. 600 BCE-600 CE)
- Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings : Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE - 600 CE)
- Through the Eyes of Travellers : Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century)
- Bhakti : Sufi Traditions
- An Imperial Capital : Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century)
- Peasants, Zamindars and the State
- Colonialism and the Countryside : Exploring Official Archives
- Rebels and the Raj : The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations
- Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement : Civil Disobedience and Beyond
- Framing the Constitution : The Beginning of a New Era
Class 12 Geography
21 chapters · 445 topics
- Human Geography : Nature and Scope
- The World Population Distribution, Density and Growth
- Human Development
- Primary Activities
- Secondary Activities
- Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
- Transport and Communication
- International Trade
- Data its Source and Compilation
- Data Processing
- Graphical Representation of data
- Spatial Information Technology
- Population
- Human Settlements
- Land Resources and Agriculture
- Water Resources
- Mineral and Energy Resources
- Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
- Transport and Communication
- International Trade
- Geographical perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Class 12 Political Science
15 chapters · 161 topics
- The End of Bipolarity
- Contemporary Centres of Power
- Contemporary South Asia
- International Organisations
- Security in the Contemporary World
- Environment and Natural Resources
- Globalisation
- Challenges of Nation Building
- Era of one-party dominance
- Politics of Planned Development
- India’s external relations
- Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System
- The Crisis of Democratic Order
- Regional Aspirations
- Recent Developments in Indian Politics
Class 12 Psychology
7 chapters · 103 topics
Class 12 Sociology
15 chapters · 165 topics
- Introducing Indian Society
- The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
- Social Institution : Continuity and Change
- The market as a Social Institution
- Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion
- The challenges of cultural diversity
- Suggestion for Project work
- Structural Change
- Cultural Change
- The Constitution and Social Change
- Change and Development in Rural Society
- Change and Development in Industrial Society
- Globalisation and Social Change
- Mass Media and Communications
- Social Movements
Class 12 Hindi
15 chapters · 15 topics