Class 12 Political Science Notes

Chapters in Class 12 Political Science

1. Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity

   10 topics

   • Introduction of The End of Bipolarity
   • What was the Soviet System?
   • Gorbachev and the Disintegration
   • Why did the Soviet Union Disintegrate?
   • Consequences of Disintegration
   • Shock Therapy in Post-Communist Regimes
   • Consequences of Shock Therapy
   • Tensions and Conflicts

2. Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power

   7 topics

   • Introduction of Contemporary Centres of Power
   • European Union
   • Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
   • The Rise of the Chinese Economy
   • India – China Relations
   • Japan
   • South Korea

3. Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia

   10 topics

   • Introduction of Contemporary South Asia
   • What is South Asia?
   • Timeline of South Asia Since 1947
   • The Military and Democracy in Pakistan
   • Democracy in Bangladesh
   • Monarchy and Democracy in Nepal
   • Ethnic Conflict and Democracy in Sri Lanka
   • India-Pakistan Conflicts

4. Chapter 4: International Organisations

   11 topics

   • Introduction of International Organisations
   • Why International Organisations?
   • Evolution of the UN
   • Founding of The United Nations
   • Evolution of the UN
   • Reform of the UN after the Cold War
   • Reform of Structures and Processes
   • Jurisdiction of the UN

5. Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World

   10 topics

   • Introduction of Security in the Contemporary World
   • What is Security?
   • Traditional Notions: External
   • Traditional Notions: Interna
   • Traditional Security and Cooperation
   • Non-Traditional Notions
   • New Sources of Threats
   • Refugees in the world (2017)

6. Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources

   11 topics

   • Introduction of Environment and Natural Resources
   • Environmental Concerns in Global Politics
   • The Protection of Global Commons
   • Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
   • Common Property Resources
   • India’s Stand on Environmental Issues
   • Sacred Groves in India
   • Environmental Movements: One or Many?

7. Chapter 7: Globalisation

   9 topics

   • Introduction of Globalisation
   • The Concept of Globalisation
   • Causes of Globalisation
   • Political Consequen ces
   • Economic Consequences
   • Cultural Consequences
   • India and Globalisation
   • Resistance to Globalisation

8. Chapter 8: Challenges of Nation Building

   11 topics

   • Introduction of Challenges of Nation Building
   • Challenges for the new nation-state
   • Three Challenges
   • The Dawn of Freedom
   • Today I call Waris Shah
   • Partition: displacement and rehabilitation
   • Process of partition
   • Consequences of partition

9. Chapter 9: Era of one-party dominance

   11 topics

   • Introduction of Era of one-party dominance
   • Challenge of building democracy
   • Changing methods of voting
   • Congress dominance in the first three general elections
   • Communist victory in Kerala
   • Socialist Party
   • Nature of Congress dominance
   • Congress as social and ideological coalition

10. Chapter 10: Politics of Planned Development

    8 topics

    • Introduction of Politics of Planned Development
    • Political contestation
    • Ideas of development
    • Planning
    • Planning Commission
    • The Early Initiative
    • The First Five Year Plan
    • Rapid Industrialisation

11. Chapter 11: India’s external relations

    11 topics

    • Introduction of India’s external relations
    • International conte
    • The Policy of non-alignment
    • Nehru’s role
    • Afro-Asian unity
    • Peace and conflict with China
    • The Chinese invasion, 1962
    • Wars and Peace with Pakistan

12. Chapter 12: Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System

    11 topics

    • Introduction of Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System
    • Challenge of Political Succession
    • From Nehru to Shastri
    • From Shastri to Indira Gandhi
    • Fourth General Elections, 1967
    • Split in the Congre
    • Indira vs. the ‘Syndicate’
    • Presidential election, 1969

13. Chapter 13: The Crisis of Democratic Order

    13 topics

    • Introduction of The Crisis of Democratic Order
    • Background to Emergency
    • Economic context
    • Gujarat and Bihar movements
    • Conflict with Judiciary
    • Declaration of Emergency
    • Crisis and response
    • Consequences

14. Chapter 14: Regional Aspirations

    15 topics

    • Introduction of Regional Aspirations
    • Region and the Nation
    • Indian approach
    • Areas of tension
    • Jammu and Kashmir
    • Roots of the Problem
    • External and internal disputes
    • Politics since 1948

15. Chapter 15: Recent Developments in Indian Politics

    13 topics

    • Introduction of Recent Developments in Indian Politics
    • Context of the 1990s
    • Era of Coalitions
    • Decline of Congress
    • Alliance politics
    • Central Governments Since 1989
    • Political Rise of Other Backward Classe
    • Political fallouts