Class 12 Sociology Notes

Chapters in Class 12 Sociology — 15 chapters.

These notes are free to read without an account. Work through them in order, or use the chapter list to revise selectively before a test.

Chapters in Class 12 Sociology

  1. Chapter 1: Introducing Indian Society

    2 topics

    • Introduction of Indian Society
    • A Preview of this Book

  2. Chapter 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society

    21 topics

    • Introduction of The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
    • Some Theories and Concepts in Demography : The Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
    • The Theory of Demographic Transition
    • Common Concepts and Indicators in Demography
    • Size and Growth of India’s Population
    • Here's a table of The Population of India and its Growth During the 20th Century
    • Here's a graph of Birth And Death Rate In India 1901-2017
    • Here is the map showing the state-wise birth rates in India for the year 2017.

  3. Chapter 3: Social Institution : Continuity and Change

    12 topics

    • Introduction to Social Institution: Continuity and Change
    • Caste and the Caste System : Caste in the Past
    • Colonialism and Caste
    • Caste in the Present
    • Tribal Communities in India
    • Classifications of Tribal Societies
    • Tribe – The Career of a Concept
    • National Development versus Tribal Development

  4. Chapter 4: The market as a Social Institution

    10 topics

    • Introduction to the Market as a Social Institution
    • Sociological Perspectives on Markets and the Economy
    • A weekly ‘tribal market’ in Dhorai village, Bastar, Chattisgarh
    • Caste-based markets and trading networks in precolonial and colonial India
    • Social Organisation of Markets: ‘Traditional Business Communities’
    • Colonialism and the Emergence of New Markets
    • Understanding Capitalism as a Social System
    • Commoditisation and Consumption

  5. Chapter 5: Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion

    13 topics

    • Introduction of pattern of social inequality and exclusion
    • What Is Social About Social Inequality and Exclusion?
    • Social Inequality
    • Social Exclusion
    • Caste and Tribe – Systems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality - The Caste System as a Discriminatory System
    • Untouchability
    • Here's a timeline chart of Percentage of Population Living Below the Poverty Line, 2011-12
    • Here's a timeline chart of Percentage of Population That Is Affluent, 1999-2000

  6. Chapter 6: The challenges of cultural diversity

    9 topics

    • Introduction of The challenges of cultural diversity
    • The Importance of Community Identity
    • Communities, Nations and Nation-States
    • Cultural Diversity and India as a Nation-state
    • Regionalism in the Indian Context
    • Religion-related Issues and Identities
    • Minority Rights and Nation Building
    • Communalism

  7. Chapter 7: Suggestion for Project work

    14 topics

    • Introduction of Suggestion for Project work
    • Variety of Methods - Survey Method
    • Interviews
    • Observation
    • Combinations of More Than One Method
    • Possible themes and subjects for small research projects
    • Public Transport
    • Role of Communication Media in Social Life

  8. Chapter 8: Structural Change

    9 topics

    • Introduction of Structural Change
    • Understanding Colonialism
    • Urbanisation and Industrialisation
    • The Colonial Experience
    • The Tea Plantations
    • Industrialisation in Independent India
    • Urbanisation in Independent India
    • Here's a the graph of Urban Population And UA/Towns In India (1951-2011)

  9. Chapter 9: Cultural Change

    6 topics

    • Introduction of Cultural Change
    • Social reform movements in the 19th and early 20th century
    • Different Kinds of Social Change
    • Different Kinds of Social Change - Sanskritisation
    • Different Kinds of Social Change - Westernisation
    • Modernisation and Secularisation

  10. Chapter 10: The Constitution and Social Change

    8 topics

    • Introduction of The Constitution and Social Change
    • Constitutional Norms and Social Justice: Interpretation to Aid Social Justice
    • The Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Rural Social Transformation
    • Ideals of Panchayati Raj
    • Powers and Responsibilities of Panchayats
    • Panchayati Raj in Tribal Areas
    • Democratisation and Inequality
    • Political Parties, Pressure and Interest Groups in Democratic Politics

  11. Chapter 11: Change and Development in Rural Society

    8 topics

    • Introduction of Change and Development in Rural Society
    • Agrarian Structure: Caste and Class in Rural India
    • The Impact of Land Reforms - The Colonial Period
    • The Impact of Land Reforms - Independent India
    • The Green Revolution and its Social Consequences
    • Transformations in Rural Society after Independence
    • Circulation of Labour
    • Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Rural Society

  12. Chapter 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society

    10 topics

    • Introduction of Change and Development in Industrial Society
    • Images of Industrial Society
    • Industrialisation in India - The Specificity of Indian Industrialisation
    • Globalisation, Liberalisation and Changes in Indian Industry
    • Here's a detailed chart of Employment in organized sectors in India,
    • How People Find Jobs
    • How is work carried out?
    • Working Conditions

  13. Chapter 13: Globalisation and Social Change

    17 topics

    • Introduction to Globalisation and Social Change
    • Are Global Interconnections New to World and to India
    • The Early Years of Globalisation and Social Change
    • Colonialism and the Global Connection
    • Independent India and the World
    • Understanding Globalisation
    • The Different Dimensions of Globalisation - The Economic
    • Global Communications

  14. Chapter 14: Mass Media and Communications

    10 topics

    • Introduction of Mass Media and Communications
    • The Beginnings of Modern Mass Media
    • Mass Media in Independent India - The Approach
    • Mass Media in Independent India - Radio
    • Mass Media in Independent India -Television
    • Mass Media in Independent India - Print Media
    • Globalisation and the Media
    • Print Media

  15. Chapter 15: Social Movements

    16 topics

    • Introduction to Social Movements
    • Features of a Social Movement
    • Distinguishing Social Change and Social Movements
    • Sociology and Social Movements - Why the Study of Social Movements is Important for Sociology
    • Types of Social Movements - Reformist, Redemptive, Revolutionary
    • Ecological Movements
    • Class Based Movements - Peasant Movements
    • Workers’ Movements